Greek_Conjunctions_comparison_4c.doc
Logical Conjunctions
| Usage | Translation | Greek | Latin[1] /// Italian | French /// Turkish | Spanish///Portuguese | German//Swedish |
| Ascensive[2] | even | καί, δέ, and μηδέ | | | | |
| Connective[3]; Copulative (additive) | and[4] (from German und) | καί, δέ | Et ; et…et (both…and) /// ve (and), bir de (and also) | Y / e; y...y (both…and); | Und (and) /// och (and), både…och (both…and)[2] | |
| Contrastive [6] (adversative) | but, rather, yet, though, however | ἀλλά, πλήν, // καί /δέ (if indicated by context), | sed[7] (from de; but) /// ma, però but[3] tuttavia yet anzi, piuttosto on the contrary, rather | Mais (but) /// ama, fakat, ancak, yalnız (but) | Pero; sino[8] (but) | Aber, allein, doch, jedoch, hingegen, trotzdem, vielmeher, nicht…sondern /// men (but) |
| Disjunctive [9] alternative | or[10] | ἤ. | aut (or); neque (nor) | Ou /// ya da, yoksa (or), ya…ya (da) (either…or) | O; o…o (either…or) | Oder (or) /// eller (or),antingen …eller (either…or), varken…eller (neither…nor) |
| Emphatic[11] | certainly, indeed | γε, δή, μενοῦνγε, μέντοι, ναί, and νή (& ἀλλά / ou mh /οὖν) | | /// bile 'even', 'already' | | |
| Explanatory | For, you see, that it , namely | γάρ, δέ, εἰ (after verbs of emotion), and καί. | ///cioè, infatti indeed, really | | | |
| Inferential | therefore | ἄρα, γάρ, διό, διότι, οὖν, πλήν, τοιγαροῦν, τοινῦν, and ὥστε | | /// demek (ki) 'that means', 'so' | | |
| Transitional | now, then | δέ, οὖν (narrative) | | maintenant que, alors (or, now) [12] | | |
| II. Adverbial Conjunctions | | | | | | |
| Causal | because[13], since | γάρ, διότι, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ἐπειδήπερ, καθώς, ὅτι, ὡς | quia, quod (because), quare (why), cum (since); nam (for) /// perché (because), | Car (for[14] - because) parce que (because) /// çünkü (because) | como 'since' porque 'because' puesto que 'because', 'since' ; pues 'so' ya que 'because', 'since' /// por (because) porque because (cf. por que why) | Denn (for, because); nämlich (for, as) /// därför att (because) |
| Comparative (manner) | as, just as, in the same way, thus, or in this manner | καθάπερ, καθώς, οὕτως, ὡς, ὡσαύτως, ὡσεί, and ὥσπερ | ut [4](from w(~te; as), quasi (just as), ac sī (as if) /// che (than) | | | |
| Conditional | if | εἰ and ἐάν | sī (if), nisi (unless), ac sī (as if) /// Se (if)+subju, | Si; même si; quand même (if; even if); pourvu que/à condition que provided that supposé que assuming that à moins que+ne unless | a condicion de que 'on condition that' a menos que 'unless' a no ser que 'unless' a pesar de que 'in spite of the fact that'; como 'if' con tal (de) que;'provided that' ;si 'if' ; siempre que 'provided that'; en caso de que (in case)[5] | Wenn (if), falls (in case), sofern (in so far as), soweit / soviel (as far as), under der Bedignung / dass (on the condition that), angenommen/dass, anstatt dass (supposing that). /// om (if) |
| Local (sphere) | where, from where, or the place which | ὅθεν, ὅπου, and οὗ | | | | |
| Purpose, final | in order that | ἵνα, ὅπως, (the negative purpose) - μήπως, μήπου, μήποτε | ut (in order that), nē (that not, lest) /// perché (so that), + subjunc. perché, affinché so that, in order to | | para que; a fin de que 'in order that' de manera / modo / forma que 'so that' | Dass (that), damit (so that), auf dass (that), um...zn (in order that) |
| Result / consecutive / Consequence | That, so that, with the result that | ὥστε, ὡς, ὅτι, and less frequently, ἵνα | ut (so that) /// dunque, quindi, perciò, allora therefore, so, then[6] che (that) | afin que; pour que (in order that, so that); trop/assez+adjective+ pour que too+adjective+to de peur que+ne/de crainte que+ne for fear that, so that…not éviter que+ne sans que to avoid (something happening) without | conque 'so that' de manera/modo/forma que 'so that' | so…dass(that); so dass (with the result that, so that)[7] |
| Concession | although | Not in Wallace | etsi, quamquam, quamvis, licet (although) /// +subjunc. anche se even if benché although neanche se not even if nonostante despite sebbene even though | +subjunct. bien que /quoique /malgré ue/ encore que although, even though qui que whoever quoi que whatever quel que (usually with être) whatever où que wherever | aunque 'although' aun cuando 'although', 'even though' /// conquanto even though | Zwar…aber (admittedly); doch (after all); trotzdem (even though) |
| Temporal | Translation varies depending on the conjunction used. E.g. When[15] (from German: Wenn) | ἄχρι, ἕως, ὅταν, ὅτε, , ποτέ, ὡς, (negative temporal) - οὐδέποτε, οὐκέτι, οὔπω | ubi (=From o(/qi [16]; when)[17], cum (= kai\ o(\n kata\ xro/non;when)[18], postquam (after that), antequam (before that), priusquam (before that), donec (until), dum (while) /// Quando, mentre, appena (when, as soon as), prima che (before) +subju | +subjunct. avant que (+ne) before en attendant que while jusqu'à ce que until depuis que (since); /// önce 'first', sonra 'then', daha sonra 'later', ondan/bundan sonra 'then', onun/bunun üzerine 'upon this/that', derken 'just then' | antes de que 'before' despues de que 'after' desde que 'since' cuando 'when' apenas 'scarcely' en cuanto; tan pronto como; leugo que 'as soon as' hasta que 'until' mientras 'while' siempre que 'whenever' ///antes de (before, until); depois de (after) | Bevor; ehe (before); Seit; seitdem(since); Wenn (when, whenever); Da, darauf, eher, endlich, indessen; Inzwischen; /// medan (while) förrän innan (before), sedan (after) |
| III. Substantival Conjunctions | | | | | | |
| Content | that | ἵνα, ὅτι, ὅπως, and ὡς | | | | |
| Epexegetical[19] | that | ἵνα and ὅτι | | | | |
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Turkish conjunctions has different functions not used in Greek conjunctions. (see Turkish comprehensive grammar 440 (465/535))) - 28.3.10 ORGANIZATIONAL; 28.3.11 CORROBORATIVE; 28.3.12 REMINDING; 28.3.13 CONSTRUCTIVE
[1] tev - enclitic particle (in the NT never elided to tÆ. In Matthew three times, in Luke's gosp. nine times, in John's gospel three times. 1. Used alone, mng. and, tev connects. 2. te; — tev as — so , not only — but also connects sentences and parts of sentences that are closely related to each other. 3. with the same meaning te; — kaiv ( Jos. , Bell. 2, 142, Ant. 1, 9) and te; kaiv.
[3] Contrastive Conjunctions, from Modern Italian Grammar, p.94.
[4] ‧From An Etymological Dictionary Of The Latin_Greek_influence_on_Latin, p523. (525/558). Ut, as, like as, according as. For uti, and this for ute, from w(~|te i.e. pro/pw|. Or from w(~te which Donnegan states is Doric for w(~ste. The aspirate is dropt, as in ''Elkov; and W changed to ŭt,...
[6] Conjunctions of sequence or consequence, from Modern Italian Grammar, p.95.
[7] Konseckutive: Coordinationg conjunctions: Also (well), darum (for it, so); daher, demnach, deshalb, dewswegen, folglich, infolgedessen.
[1] Reference: conjunction_Latin_Allen&Greenough_1.doc
[2] expresses a final addition or point of focus
[3] (adjunctive) connects an additional element to a discussion or adds an addional idea to the train of thought.
[4] http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/and Origin: before 900; Middle English; Old English and, ond; cognate with Old Saxon, Old High German ant, Old Frisian, Gothic and, Icelandic and-; akin to German und, Dutch en, Sanskrit anti
[5] From An Etymological Dictionary Of The Latin_Greek_influence_on_Latin, p139. (151/558). Et and, also.' Transposed from te. Or from e)/ti, e)/t' ,yet further. // Et, even. This sense comes from that of Also. Cicero:"Quam salutares non modo hominum, sed etiam pecudum generi." This sense agrees well with e)/ti,, yet further, still more. From A Greek English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature - F.W. Gingrich, F.W. Danker e[ti adverb. yet, still. te enclitic particle (in the NT never elided to tÆ.) 1. Used alone, mng. and, tev connects, 2. te; — tev as — so , not only — but also connects sentences and parts of sentences that are closely related to each other.
[6] a contrast or opposing thought to the idea to which it is connected
[7] From An Etymological Dictionary Of The Latin_Greek_influence_on_Latin, p425. (429/558). Sed, Set, but. Scaliger: "For se, apart from, diversely, and et. Thus, 'Tu curris, sed ego sedeo' is: You run, and I, differently from you, sit." Or from de\, transp. e)d, whence sed, as from Ei) is Sei, Si. Al. from sēd-eo, for se-eo, i. e., seorsim-eo, as in Seditio. Jamiesou refers to Suio-Gothic saet, satt, truly; as the Latin Verum is used for But.
[8] Modern Spanish Grammar, p.142. Spanish distinguishes between pero, which corresponds to most functions of English 'but', and sino, which marks a mutually exclusive contrast. No . . . sino . . . 'not . . .but . . .' is described in 15.4
[9] (Alternative) alternative possibility
[10] or1 - Origin: 1150–1200; Middle English, orig. the second, unstressed member of correlative other … or, earlier other … other, Old English āther … oththe, ā-hwæther … oththe, for oththe … oththe either … or; compare ay1 , whether
or2/ɔr/ –preposition, conjunction Chiefly Irish, Scot., and English . before; ere.
Origin: before 950; Middle English, Old English ār soon, early; cognate with Old Norse ār, Gothic air early; compare Old English ǣr soon, before, ere
[11] intensifying the normal sense of a conjunction.
[12] Hawkins, Towell - French Grammar And Usage 2Nd Ed, p.383. ' now' in English can function as a coordinating conjunction (as above) , a subordinating conjunction of time, and a time adverb. The subordinating conjunction of time function is fulfilled in French by maintenant que (see 17.3.1). The time adverb function is translated in French by maintenant (or alors if ' now' refers to an event in the past ) :
Jean est maintenant marié = Jean is now married ; Jean était alors marié = Jean was now (= then) married
[13] http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/because Origin: 1275–1325; Middle English bi cause by cause // because c.1300, bi cause "by cause," modeled on Fr. par cause . Originally a phrase, often followed by a subordinate clause introduced by that or why . One word from c.1400.
[14] http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/for for - Origin: before 900; Middle English, Old English; cognate with Old Saxon for; akin to fore1 , Latin per through, Greek pró before, ahead
[15] http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/when Origin: before 1000; Middle English when ( ne ), Old English hwenne; cognate with German wann when, wenn if, when (compare Gothic hwan when, how); akin to who, what
[16] From Liddell-Scott-Jones 7Th Ed Intermediate Greek Lexicon. ὅθῐ, relat. Adv., answering to demonstr. τόθι and interr. πόθι, poët. for οὗ, Latin ubi,where, Hom., Trag.
[17] From An Etymological Dictionary Of The Latin_Greek_influence_on_Latin, p497. (499/558). Ubi, where. From o(/qi, AEol. o(/fi, whence uphi, as o(/ti, Uti; and ubi, as a)/mfw, am Bo. Compare Uber. Or, as fi was a formative as well as qi, ubi might come at once from a word o(/fi. Al. from w~(|, w(/i+, ui, whence ubi, as B is added in Bibo for Bio. Al. from ; o(/pou.
[18] Cum, when. For quum, quom. That is, Secundum or In quom diem. Somewhat as o(/te is for w/~|(te. i.e. xro/nw. Al. from kai\ o(\n, i.e. kai\ o(\n kata\ xro/non. See Tum.
[19] introducing a clause that completes the idea of a noun or adjective.
